saranx:
tulonatmok vimorso ani tulonatmok odhyoin – don veveglle vixoi. Tulonatmok odhyoin nhoi fokot don kritianche soman ani vibhin’n gunnanchi pott’tti korta, bogar, teo kritio rupit zal’lea vixixtt samajik sondorbhachem-i odhyoin korta. Prostut mongllurant konknni kadombori mokllik zamvcheoch oprub tori, goyant ailevarch mokllik zal’li, famad boroinnar udoi bembre hachi `vhoddlem ghor’ kadombori ani 1980vea vorsa mokllik zal’lea soman kotha vostu attaplelea khoddap hachea `saiba bhogos’ kadomborichem tulonatmok odhyoin kel’lem lekhon hem.
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itihas, somaz ani kadombori hea rupan tanchem odhyoin kortana je tothy mellttat tancho adar gheun samskritik sondorbhan vichar korpacho yotn korta. Donuy kadombori vosahotokalin sondorbh gheun yeta. “saiba bhogos` kadomborikar khoddap mhollear vi.Je.Pi. Solddanha (1925-2002) kon’nodd lipyent hi kadombori 1980 isvent boroileli. Panch bhagamni kanoddi lipient boroyil’li hi kadombori, 1997 isvent hachi dusri aurit’ti porgottli. Tisri aurit’ti 2013 isvent tacho poilo bhag devonagori lipyent yeta.
“vhoddlem ghor` boroupi udoi bhembre, prokaxon vors 2021. Hi tanchi poilich kadombori asa. Kadomboricho kall (pan 13) 1566-1585, vis vorsancho `dhormantor ho he kadomboricho vixoi nhoi. Dhormantoronnamlean jem inkvijhixon ailem tea inkvijixonak lagun zal’lo akant ho hea kadomboricho vixoi’. (pan 14)
zoxem `vhoddlem ghor` inkvijhixonak lagun zal’lo akant haka vixoi manta toxench `saiba bhogos` he kadomborent vi.Je.Pi saldany `khoddap` hanchi kadombori ji deunagori lipyent asa thoim prokaxokalim utram-
`gõyant 17vea xotomanant peÇrtugejh addolltedaramni inkvijixon kanun haddn konknni lokauyor kelele onyai, himsa kary ani taje nimit’tan amgele mhalghoddeamni konknni zonnale kullar gõy sonnu, kenara ani tenkak, nhexilea angouleari dhamvon yeuche toxim zalem. Tea kallache charitrik vixoi apnnalea srizonoxil borpan konknni sahiteant haddun ek daklo kel’lo poilo mohan sahiti vi.Je.Pi. Saldanh- `khoddap…..’
`tagele likhnne takun 50 voir kotha, kadombori, koun vhallun yeun, konknni sahity kxetrant ek vixex kranti zaucheak karonn zalem.`
`vhoddlem ghor` kadomborint upkar mantana kadomborikar udoi bhembre boroitat-
`yedo namnecho kadomborikar oxem korta zalear mhoje sarkea poilich kadombori boroitalean toxem korunkoch zai oxem….` (mhollear hi tanchi poili kadombori asa.)
donuy kadomborikar hanche vixoi soman asa, itihas legit soman asa kothaust legit soman asa. Oitihasik kothanok axil’lean kadomborikarak itihas bodlunk mellna, mhunn donuy kadomborikar hea sondorbhan legit soman asa.
`vhoddlem ghor` vachchem poilim `vhoddlea ghorachim sopnnam choddche poilim’ vachlear hacho dixttavo zatach. Kadomborikarachi toyari, sondorbh (pan 10, 11) hem sogllem many legit itihasokar ani kadomborikar ap-apeÇlo srizon xilotai ontorgot fokot ghottna vornnonoch korta oxem nhoi punn jem oitihasik tothy samkar asta taka sahityokar, kadomborikar tea oitihasik yotharth ontorgot lipil’le bhavo, kria-protikria hankam chitrit korpacho yotn korta. Kadomborikar fokot kothanok, ghottonam, kary hanchi porigh bhitor yeupi monxam, tanche monant cholpi tanchi manosik prokria, utforkem, huskem, kolloullem jem tanchea monant ghumxennam ghaltat tankam toxench tancheamni jem kitem kelam…..Hea soglleank khupoch kholai ani gohnotayen polloita. Zoxem chitrokar fokot vostukoch polloina punn vostuche oyspois legit niallta. Oys-poisacho probhavo te vostucher, toxench teo vostucho probhavo tea oys-poisacher koso asa tachem aklon korpachi legit chextta korta. Kadomborikar itihasachea jea bhagak, ghottna ontorgot venchun kaddtta, taka punor prostut korpacho yotn korta. Tea kalkhonddak sthul, bhoutik zogot, samajik jiun ani patr tanche vichar pramannikoponnan punor prostut korta. Kadomborikar oitihasik totheank toddunk xokna fokot tatunt nihit (chhiottinnochiittiezo) axil’li srizonoxilotayek aplea ud’dexea onurup taka sakar korunk xokta. Hem kary bhaxa-xoili vorvim toyar zata. Kadomborichi hi gunthnni kadomborikar toyar korna legit tachi drixtti hi gunthnni toyar korta, zoxem nhoim apeÇlo patt toyar korun vhamvna punn to patt nhoim vhamvtana apunnoch toyar zait rauta. Hi gunthnni koxi aschi hem sangtana mhaka dot’ta damodor naik hancho lekh yad zata (lokmot-aitar, me 2, 2021).
`sorv itor bhaxant keull fulanchi venni oste. Konknnit xeuteanchi fanti oste. Zayancho peÇdd osto. Surongacho vollesor osto. Omvllacho podd osto. Aboleancho jhelo osto. Mogream chi atti oste.`
jea prokarachi gunthnni tea prokarachem namv yeta. Venni, fanti, peÇdd, vollesor, podd, jhelo, atti he sogllem rekhankit xobd ap-apli utraull gheun yeta. Sahiteant legit hi gunthnni astach taka xoili mhonnum yeta, ani hi gunthnni utranchea madhyomantleanuch toyar zata. Zoxem songitache svor satuch punn tatuntole rag-raginni onont. Hanga ek gozal lokxant dhorunk zai, ti mhollear venni, fanti, peÇdd, vollesor, podd, jhelo, atti hatunt tankam bandhpi dor amkam dixtti poddtta punn sahiteant utranchea madhyomantlean vicharancho dor disunk zaina punn to dor moteanchi mallauri onusyut asunk zai. Utrank bandhpi punn to disna. Zor sahityokar ho dhago veusthit rupant, apli xoilichea madhyomantlean onusyut korunk pavana tor patr chitronn, vatauronn nirmiti, tanchem kary-veapar toxench ontorsombondh hacher probhavo ghalta ani magir kritichi somprexonniyota unni zata. Xoili ani xilp mellun kritichi somhita (khiexnno) toyar zata zoxem devull, igorz, mosjid va koslyai prokarachi vastu mati, simentt, fator chuno hanchea samonzsthanch toyar zata punn tanchem xilp vegllem asta. Heach promann sahityokar apli bhas-xoili vaprun veg-veglle xilp toyar korta. Hea orthan xoili vividh-rupam zata. Oitihasik samajik kadombori mhollear itihasachi sahityik veakhea zata.
`saiba bhogos`- arombh zata ten’na vatauronn nirmoti ani patranchem chitronn-
`amchem mull pitth gõy, thoim ghoddl’li kotha hi.’
sotravo xenkddo…. Isvi 1661-mhollear, kenara kristamvanchem bondhodde prasoi xembor vorsam chodd adli gozal.
Gamvchem vornnon-
`sorl’lea gamvak url’lloch pottel mhonnche bori sorkari toxem dharmik fuddari mellon, gorjen, morjen toxem khorjen apnnak zai zal’lebori otme mhonnon kodoll udkant maslli pagtale….’ (pan 2).
Tea vellaroi, gõyant tea pras xembor vorsam odim, (dom’ fra. Gaspar de liamv pirer, gõycho prothom’ arch bisp, ani dom’ konstantin de braganza gournor zaun aslele tednam) stapit zal’le bhirankull dharmik zhoddteche `inkvijisamv’ koddtichi moddtohunoni choltali. Duddvadhik, bolladhik ani odhikari probhavo asleleanchea chelank oni tosleam pattlean lambteleank ani khobrink guddhacharink soddlear her sarvotrik jiun dubabachem, dhomkent, liptea aropamni ani taptea kenddamni mholl’lleuri lolltalem, fuddem vetalem-‘ (pan 2).
Utaream to rekhankit utram xoili ontorgot ji samajik poristhiti chitarota tachem dorxon ghoddoita.
`vhoddlem ghor` arombhik utram ani samajik chitar-
`gorvam gottheant portupacho vell zaunk naxil’lo. Punn vot movo zal’lem. Gõy bondor ani bondra lagim ubi axil’lim tarvam disunk laglim. Kaim vellan vhoddem bondra lagim paulem. Mukhel dhokeak tenkun axil’lea dhakttea dhokeak tenklem….. Tiguy choddum laglem…. Bhitor vaisoroyachi palas asa…. Purtugez `taka terroiru-de sabaiyu` mhonnttale…. Soglleant vhoddli igorz-se ketheddrol….. Kaitan….. Tonddantlean utram suttlim….. `vhoddlem ghor` tim utram ozap ani bhom-i hamnni upatt bhoril’lim’.
Utram zor ozap ani bhomyan bhair sorli tor vatauronn okbondh koxem? ji vatauronn nirmiti zata thoim bhom-i aslear tuttok utram naka axil’lim? utrancho bhavarth, lokxearth, virodharth, tancho aghat-proteaghat voilea vornnonat dixtti poddna. Oxem dista ki kadomborikar totheatmok utram vaprota legit srizonatmok nhoi. Oitihasik tothy chitarolem mhunn ti kadombori zaina ani zor vornnonatmokotayen ti kadombori manli tori legit ti totheatmokoch urta. Xoili ontorgot ji srizonatmokotai zai ti `vhoddlem ghor` hatunt dixtti poddna.
Atam pollovea `saiba bhogos` kadombori inkvijixon senttrachem chitronn koxem korta- `….Teach vellar, bondhentlea kallkea kuddant, fatrachea bankar ravon aslelea siFõÉur zuvaunko ek thoracho dhokho boson tokli tachi ghumvl’lebori zalem, hatam pamyank aslelea sankllinchi zoddai ekachchanne vhaunk koxtt zal’lebori taka bhoglem. Zaleary, mon tannem ghott kelem. Tacherch toslo porinnam’ zalo tor, bhailea herancher protyek zaun siFõÉur kriadocher koslo vaitt porinnam’ zainaye? tem pollemvche aturotayen dolle nitllaun, portean bhair tannem pollelem’ (pan 166).
`vhoddlem ghor` hatunt jem chitronn yeta-
`kaitanache kuddik dott’tti dar, ek bhital’lean ugddotta oxem ani dusrem bhailean ugddotta toxem bhitol’lem dar don datt folleanchem. Taka don goddgonz khilleo. Hea darak voilea vantteant ek lhanxem zonel. Takach dhakttem dar ani khilli asa. Jeunn va her kitem-i divpachea vellar tem dhakttem dar uktem korun tem ditalem ani rokhddench bond kortale. Bhailem dar ek folleanchem. Punn bhitatlea dara itlem datt nhoi….` (pan 27)
oxem dista ki kadomborikaran jitlem sondorbh vachleant tatuntleanch totheatmok vivoronn dita. Itihasa kodden pramannik raup, taka vikrit korcho nhoi hem many, punn zor tea itihasantlean kadombori borounk zai zalear tea oitihasik kalkhonddant jem kitem axil’lem va ghoddil’lem tem sogllem protibimb rupant asta punn kadomborint zor tem yeta tor chitr rupant chitrit zaunk zai. Itihas mhollear totheaxrit yotharth tori legit ami itihasokarak sahityokar mhonn’na nhoi? sahityokarachem kam’ asta tea itihasantlean jem kitem-i ghoddlea tatuntlean manvi-i somvedona sonchrit zata taka dhorpachi chextta korop.
Gõycho samskritik itihas mhollear fokot vosahotovad nhoi punn tea vosahotovadant zal’le dhormantoronn-oottiveddisiotti ani hatuntlean ailem dhorm’porikxonn-Ittiquisinnoiotti, dhorm’ porikxok-Ittiquisinnooddi. Ani hea dhormoporikxonnak lagun zal’lo akant ho hem kadomboricho vixoi. Tor hem sogllem ghoddlem konnacher? monxancheroch nhoi? `vhoddlem ghor` hacho vixoich zor ho akant tor to tullxicho rompeÇ, devachi murt hea soglleanchem niruponn zala punn tea akantachem chitronn zaunk paulem, oxem mhonnunk zauchem na. Toxench pan 135, 166, 169, 171, 176 chitronn, somvad asach. Pan 176cher `bautujmachi adli rat….Gomticho dollo laglo na.` fuddem ayil’lem vichar punn asa…. Murt, devull…. Gomtiche dolle….. Pan 130cher kaitanache vichar… Vicharanchem bhirem…..
`vhoddlem ghor` itihas dita. Tothy dakhoita. Gõyant zal’le dhormantoronn, dhorm’ porikxonn, 16vea xenkddeantolem gõy, tacho itihas, bhugol lokxant dhorun hi kadombori boroilea. Ddo. Delam hanchem onnbhou-kothon dostavez rupant asa. Kadomborikar svikar korta ki tanchea onnbhou kothnantlean ti vornnonam ghetleant (pan 12).
`zo itihas asunk zai titlo ukto na tea itihasacher hi kadombori rochlea. Itihasachea gronthamni melltta. Mhozo proitn asa to sahiteachea madhyomantlean to lokam mukhar douropach’ (pan 15).
Zor itihas sahiteachea madhyomantlean divonk to totheatmokotai vangddach patr ani ghottna apli sapekxotaye ontorgot fokot bhailo porivex nhoi punn tanche atmosth ontorzogot hacho porivex asta taka punn zoddpacho yotn korta. Vatauronn nirmiti kortana, fuddli yeupi ghottna haka punn kendrant dourun oxem ritin vyokt korta ki ti ghottna tatuntleanoch utpon’n zalea oxem dista. Kotha ani ovantor kotha patr ani vatauronn nirmititlean tanche antrik vixv punn sojiutayen chitaropacho yotn korta. Ten’nach ti sahityik kriti zaunk pauta.
Kadomborikar boroita-
`tea inkvijhixonachea kallant rai gamvantole poi kuttumb hindu astana fapsolem. Gamvant raulem tea zoddpeak dobava khala dhorm’ bodlocho poddlo….’ (ittochitthi kouhoracher).
Mull mud’do hinduchem zal’lem dhorm’ porivorton…. Dobava khala hem ghoddlem. Many. Tanchi karnnam mhollear gõyant axil’li purtugez razoutt. Jen’na porki sot’ta, dusrea `dexacher ani somazacher apli sot’ti gazoita ten’na xaskak man divp, tanche vori vagop, tancho dhorm’ apnnaup va tancher bollzobori zaup….. Xasok ani proza tanchem vegllemponn, tanchem modim zal’lo songhorx ani hea songhorxonantoleanoch zal’lem atmosatikoronn asta.
Bhartacho itihas hachi sakxi ditach. Gõychea itihasant hem dhormoporikxonn, dhormantoronn jen’na zal’lem ten’na-
The Portuguese Catholic Church ruthlessly implemented `inquisition` and brought about mass conversions. In Goa the upper castes such as Brahmans and Kshatriyas first fell a prey to inquisitions and tyrannical laws, while in British India the lower castes were converted by manipulating their `consent` (Gomes, 1987, p.74).
Dhormantoronn, dhormoporikxonn ani taka lagun zal’lo akant, ho akantoch zor `vhoddlem ghor` kadomboricho vixoi- (modhyoyugin yuropantlea kaim rajeamni zor hoch itihas patllil’lo asat, itlench nhoi punn purtugalantole ikvijhixon soglleam poros khor axil’lem tor tacho akant legit titloch khor, pan 7, 8).
Tor tea akantachem niruponn titleach khorponnan zaup gorjechem axil’lem. Titlea svorupant te zaunk paulem na, oxench mhonnche poddttolem.
`saiba bhogos`che hem chitr koxem chitrit zalea tem polloilear-
`siFõÉur zuvamvchi dixtt, tea nimanneancher tir dhorun khonchli. Horyeleachea angar, `sanvenito` namvacho, gonnie sarko, hollduvea rongacho soddill ddoglo xirkailolo…..`
`…..Patok kanttallcho zamv, kudd thorthoraun dhorcho onubhou to zatalo mhonnyetH. Kutt’tton ani dhantt’tton, poddon ani utton te fuddem vetale, vetalim-pois-thaun polleun, dadlo vo stri mhonn parkunk zainatlelem, tanchi mukhomollam, rogtachi loi nastam, matiyallim ani gobralli zal’li, tanche kes mhellon, vollon zhattam zal’le, ujvadd polleun visropoddlea tankam, tea votant dolle ugote dhorunk zainatl’lem.’ (pan 160).
Hem chitronn jem chitr chitarota tem fokot protibimb rupan na punn chitrikoronn rupant ailea. `saiba bhogos’ kadombori hem sid’dh korta.
`vhoddlem ghor` oslem chitrikoronn korpant unnem poddtta. Kadomborikar fokot ekttham-i kel’le tothy manddtta.
Hanga ek prosn osoi uprasota ki ho akant fokot hinducheruch zal’lo? purtugezam poilim gõyant adiloxahi xason axil’lem. Hanga musloman lok naxil’le? fokot poi kuttumboch? manuya kadomborikar pratinidhik patr gheta punn itihas manddttana to ekangi zalo nhoi? sot’tadhixa tanchem chakor manai naxil’lem? gulam’ naxil’lem? ikvijhixonam vixim hamvem vanchil’li pustokam senttrol laibrerint asat. Lokddaun ani soncharobondi axil’lean amkam sondorbh pustokam mellpacho prosnoch uprasona. Titlean `lokmot` aitar aurit’tint (me 16, 2021) mhaka valmiki falero hancho lekh `kull ani mull` ontorgot vachunk mell’llo.
`ogostt 8, 1560 roji choddonn yethe tor, ogostt 15, roji divaddi tethe samuhik dhormantoracha karyokrom’ par poddla. Virodhacho ha balekil’la sor zhaleanontor dhormantoran veg ghetla. Teach vorxant challis hozar hindu-muslimamni khristi dhormant provex kela. Sompurnn tisvaddi talukach zonnu khristi zala hota.`
`inkvijixonoche povitr karealoi epril 02, 1560 roji xuru kornneant ale. Teacha arombhicha rokh peÇrtugal modhil dhormantor kelelea, ponn svotHchea mull dhormachem achronn kornnarea jyu dhormiankodde hota. Ponn zosazosa kall ulttola….’
inkvijhixonacho akant fokot hindu khatiroch naxil’lo punn valmiki falero `kull ani mull` ontorgot dusreach dhormachea lokancher zal’lea akant vixim boroitat toxench oiuis zoe mssis ooddiddieichi aplea pustokant “Poddinnouguese Ittizoichi oumbchii-ohchiutto-gichischii, 1498-1739′ – pan 123cher boroitat-
`khihe uottothi ojijiichhie ddiettoettinnottoessttothi tthiuddisuezo nnohe oddiisnnochios- oovos chittizo nnohe ouddiiettinnochitto eetis tiho itti oddizoeddi nnoo obnnochiitti chizovchittinnochiges itti nnoddichizoe, ddiesizoittig itti uochi chittizo oochhihitti, hchizo zoechhittochiddiezo nnohemsettoves ohddiisnnoichittis. Khihe jiiddisnno ojijiettichhie chhiomminnonnoezo bthi suchhih oddiiettinnochitto eetis ottittothi meddiinnoezo chitti chiddiddiesnno chittizo chitti chitthitthiechiddichittichhie bejioddie nnohe uottothi ojijiichhie oji nnohe Ittiquisinnoiotti, bunno..’
ho akant fokot hinducheruch ailo oxem mhonnunk zauchem na. Itihas monxank apeÇlo dex, somaz, somskriti tancho vikas itlench nhoi tor manouvonxo xastri-i nodrentlean legit itihas khupoch kitem xikoita. Fokot aplea dexachoch nhoi tor dusrea dexancho itihas legit amkam, amchea manovi-i somaza bod’dol vastovik dorxon ghoddoita. Mhollear itihasak sorvangi rupanto polloucho. Ekangi rupant polloilear manouvonxo xastri-i drixtti legit chuk kortoli. `vhoddlem ghor` vixoi venchtanach ekangi zalea, hem mat manchench poddttolem. u
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
- Saldanha, vi.Je.Pi. (2013), saiba bhogos (devonagori lipi). Mongll’llur: vixv konknni kendr.
- Bhembre, yu. (2021), vhoddlem ghor. Gova: sonzona poblikexons
- Gomes, O. (1987). Village Goa, New Delhi: S.Chand & Co.Ltd.
- Correi, A. L. D. ( 2009). Portuguese India, Mumbai, Chaul-Vasai, 1498-1739 Grafica (Goa) Dourada. Goa: The Golden Goa Press.
